Change detection

change.components#

The components of the difference between two maps of classes (Pontius & Santacruz 2014, diffeR's diffTablej and overallDiff through landschaft): of each class its gain (omission), persistence (agreement) and loss (commission), and the difference split into quantity, exchange and shift; overall too (the last row, class empty).

Input	Type	What it is
from	map	the earlier (or compared) map
to	map	the later (or reference) map
maps	raster	else a series of maps: from its first to its last

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	per class and overall: the components
overall	table	quantity, exchange, shift, allocation, overall (cells)

Setting	Type	What it is
analysis	text	change (default: gain, persistence, loss) or error

change.composite#

The cross-tabulation of two maps at a coarser resolution by the composite method (diffeR's composite through landschaft, Pontius & Cheuk 2006): each block of factor x factor cells a mix of classes, the agreement of a class the smaller of its two shares, the rest shared among the pairs of classes; blocks with a missing cell or cut by the edge left out. Proportions of the domain.

Input	Type	What it is
comprequired	map	the comparison map (rows)
refrequired	map	the reference map (columns)

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	a row per class of either map: its class, then the shares

Setting	Type	What it is
factorrequired	integer	cells per side of a block

change.count#

How many times each cell changed along a series of maps of classes (OpenLand's acc_changes through landschaft): a map of the counts (none where any map has no value) and the cells of each count.

Input	Type	What it is
mapsrequired	raster	the maps of classes, a layer per date (two at least)

Output	Type	What it is
map	map	the changes of each cell
table	table	PxValue (the count), Qt (cells), Percent

Setting	Type	What it is
times	any	the dates of the maps (default: the layers' names, else 0, 1...)
cell_area	number	a cell's area in m2 (default: the cells' sides)

change.crosstab#

The transition matrix between two maps of classes (landschaft's crosstab, diffeR's crosstabm): the cells of each class of the first (rows) that hold each class of the second (columns); classes found in neither left out.

Input	Type	What it is
fromrequired	map	the earlier (or compared) map
torequired	map	the later (or reference) map

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	a row per class of the first map: its class, then the cells to each

change.fad#

The change of fragmentation between two dates measured by FAD at several scales, as GuidosToolbox's Change -> FAD Multiscale (landschaft's fad_multiscale_change): FAD-MS of both maps, and at every window and for the average the cells moved between the classes background, rare, patchy, transitional, dominant, interior and intact; the change of the average FAD (FAD_AV, AVCON).

Input	Type	What it is
beforerequired	map	the map at the first date (FAD's input)
afterrequired	map	the map at the second date

Output	Type	What it is
matrix	table	per scale (its window, 0 the average) and class at A (0 background .. 6 intact): the cells in each class at B
stats	table	per scale: the foreground at A, at B, in both, in the same class and in another, the % whose fragmentation decreased and increased, FAD_AV and AVCON at A and B and their changes
report	text	the average's report as GTB's FAD_change_mscale.txt

Setting	Type	What it is
foreground	any	the foreground's classes (a class or a list)
windows	any	the windows' sides in cells, odd (default 7 13 27 81 243)

change.fos#

The change of fragmentation between two FOS maps (fragmentation.fos, or FAD) of the same windows, as GuidosToolbox: on the foreground of both dates 100 + its connectivity before - after (100 no change, above 100 a loss of connectivity, below 100 a gain), 250 foreground gained, 251 lost, 252 stable background, 254 missing; and how the foreground moved between the classes rare to intact.

Input	Type	What it is
beforerequired	map	the FOS map at the first date
afterrequired	map	the FOS map at the second date

Output	Type	What it is
map	map	the change in GTB's codes
stats	table	the foreground gained and lost, stable background, the common foreground, in the same class and in another, and the % of it whose fragmentation decreased and increased
classes	table	the common foreground from each class (rows, rare to intact) to each (columns)

change.intensity#

The intensity analysis of land change (Aldwaik & Pontius 2012) as OpenLand's intensityAnalysis through landschaft: at the interval level how fast the map changed in each period against a uniform rate; at the category level each class's gains and losses against the period's rate (active or dormant); at the transition level which classes the gains of one class (gain) take, and which take the losses of another (loss), against uniform (targeted or avoided); with the stationarity of each along the periods. Rates in % a year (a time unit); areas in km2 or cells.

Input	Type	What it is
mapsrequired	raster	the maps of classes, a layer per date (two at least)

Output	Type	What it is
interval	table	per period: PercentChange, St (the period's rate), U (the uniform rate)
category_gain	table	per period and class: its gross gain, Gtj, St
category_loss	table	per period and class: its gross loss, Lti, St
transition_gain	table	the gains of gain from each class: area, Rtin, Wtn (uniform)
transition_loss	table	the losses of loss to each class: area, Qtmj, Vtm (uniform)
category_gain_stationarity	table	per class: periods active (above 1) or dormant (0), every one (test)
category_loss_stationarity	table	per class: periods active (1) or dormant (0) losing
transition_gain_stationarity	table	per class: periods targeted (1) or avoided (0) by gain's gains
transition_loss_stationarity	table	per class: periods targeting (1) or avoiding (0) loss's losses

Setting	Type	What it is
times	any	the dates of the maps (default: the layers' names, else 0, 1...)
cell_area	number	a cell's area in m2 (default: the cells' sides)
gainrequired	number	the class whose gains the transition level examines
lossrequired	number	the class whose losses the transition level examines
area	bool	areas in km2 (default) or in cells

change.mad#

The mean absolute deviation between two continuous maps and its components (diffeR's MAD through landschaft): the deviation split into quantity (its mean), strata (deviations that cancel within each stratum) and element (the rest), at the maps' resolution and at blocks of 2, 4, 8... cells (sums of the deviations).

Input	Type	What it is
grid1required	map	the first map
grid2required	map	the second map (subtracted)
strata	map	strata (0 and missing outside every one; default one)

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	Multiples, Resolution, Quantity, Strata, Element, Total

Setting	Type	What it is
multiple	bool	every resolution (default) or the maps' only

change.memberships#

The share of each class in each block of factor x factor cells (diffeR's memberships through landschaft: terra's segregate and aggregate by the mean); blocks with a missing cell, and those cut by the right and bottom edges, have none.

Input	Type	What it is
maprequired	map	a map of classes

Output	Type	What it is
stack	stack	a layer per class, on the grid of the blocks

Setting	Type	What it is
factor	integer	cells per side of a block (default 2)

change.morphological#

Morphological change detection, as GuidosToolbox: the change of the foreground between two dates told apart from the spurious change at its edges (a shift of a cell, a misregistration): 11 stable background, 12 gain, 21 loss, 22 stable foreground, 176 spurious, 255 missing. The foreground is the classes given, or the maps are coded 0 missing, 1 background, 2 foreground.

Input	Type	What it is
beforerequired	map	the map at the first date
afterrequired	map	the map at the second date

Output	Type	What it is
map	map	the change in GTB's codes
stats	table	the foreground at each date, the net change, the cells of each kind of change, and the elasticity (the rate of the core's change over the foreground's)

Setting	Type	What it is
foreground	any	the foreground's classes (a class or a list)

change.mosaic#

The change of the landscape mosaic's heatmap between two dates, as GuidosToolbox's Change -> Landscape Mosaic Heatmap (landschaft's landscape_mosaic_change): the share of every class of 103 at both dates and B - A, the triangle of the change, GTB's delta_heatmap.csv.

Input	Type	What it is
beforerequired	map	the land cover at the first date
afterrequired	map	the land cover at the second date

Output	Type	What it is
heatmap	table	per class of 103: its share at A and B, the change, its class of 19
triangle	map	the change on GTB's triangle (12 x 21)
heatmap_csv	text	GTB's delta_heatmap.csv

Setting	Type	What it is
agriculture	any	the land cover's classes of it (a class or a list)
natural	any	the land cover's classes of it (a class or a list)
developed	any	the land cover's classes of it (a class or a list)
window	integer	the window's side in cells, odd (default 27)

change.resolutions#

The quantity, exchange and shift differences between two maps at coarser and coarser resolutions (diffeR's differenceMR through landschaft): the cross-tabulation at the maps' resolution, then the composite one at blocks of factor, factor^2... cells per side up to the larger side; shift shrinks as the resolution coarsens, quantity stays.

Input	Type	What it is
comprequired	map	the comparison map
refrequired	map	the reference map
population	table	category, size: to scale the first matrix

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	Multiples, Resolution, Quantity, Exchange, Shift, Overall

Setting	Type	What it is
factor	integer	the growth of a block's side (default 2)
percent	bool	in % of the domain (default) or proportions

change.sample_to_population#

A sample's cross-tabulation scaled to the population of each row's class (diffeR's sample2pop through landschaft, by the row's class rather than its position): each row times its population over its sum.

Input	Type	What it is
matrixrequired	table	a cross-tabulation (change.crosstab): class, then the counts
populationrequired	table	category, size

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	the matrix scaled

change.simple#

The change of the foreground between two dates, as GuidosToolbox: 11 stable background, 12 gain, 21 loss, 22 stable foreground, 255 missing at either date. The foreground is the classes given, or the maps are coded 0 missing, 1 background, 2 foreground.

Input	Type	What it is
beforerequired	map	the map at the first date
afterrequired	map	the map at the second date

Output	Type	What it is
map	map	the change in GTB's codes
stats	table	the cells of stable background, gain, loss, stable foreground and missing, and those with data

Setting	Type	What it is
foreground	any	the foreground's classes (a class or a list)

change.suggest#

The transitions worth modelling, from the first map of a series to the last: every change of a class to another with its cells, its share of all the change and of the class's area, the largest first; suggested those that make at least least % of the change (the others are too small to fit a model to).

Input	Type	What it is
mapsrequired	raster	the maps of classes, a layer per date (two at least)

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	from, to, cells, km2, of_change, of_class (%), suggested (1)
transitions	any	the transitions suggested, [[from, to], ...]

Setting	Type	What it is
times	any	the dates of the maps (default: the layers' names, else 0, 1...)
cell_area	number	a cell's area in m2 (default: the cells' sides)
least	number	the least share of the change to suggest, % (default 1)

change.transitions#

The transitions of a series of maps of classes, as landschaft's changes (OpenLand's contingencyTable): between consecutive dates (and from the first to the last), a row per pair of classes with cells: the years, the classes, the area in km2 (cells times a cell's area) and the cells; and the cells of each class at each date.

Input	Type	What it is
mapsrequired	raster	the maps of classes, a layer per date (two at least)

Output	Type	What it is
table	table	year_from, year_to, from, to, km2, cells, interval
one_step	table	the same, from the first date to the last
areas	table	the cells of each class at each date
matrix	table	the transition matrix from the first date to the last

Setting	Type	What it is
times	any	the dates of the maps (default: the layers' names, else 0, 1...)
cell_area	number	a cell's area in m2 (default: the cells' sides)